PHP OPCodes Cached with APC – part 2
Oct 21st
Before reading this post, I recommend going over part 1 PHP OPCodes Cached with APC – part 1
In the first part we tackled what OPCodes are and how APC helps us streamline webserver performance by caching recurring script execution.
In this second part, we will mostly look at the APC configuration main variable and thus further understand how the APC engine works.
APC cache size and shared memory
apc.shm_segments
By default this value is set to ‘1′; that is so say, there would be only one shared memory segment to allocate to the cache
apc.shm.size
This is the size in MB of each shared memory segment. The default is of 30Mb.
Please note that you cannot set a higher value than the maximum size of shared memory segment defined in your kernel distribution.
cat /proc/sys/kernel/shmmax
33554432
PHP OPCodes Cached with APC – part 1
Oct 21st
There are many caching system in use to optimize the execution of PHP script on busy web/database servers. Today we will focus on the OPcode caching method using APC.
Before we start… what is an OPcode?
The OPcode is an executable code generated each time a PHP script is interpreted and compiled. Each time you visit a webpage, the webserver (apache for example) would generate an OPcode of the PHP script serving your request. They are therefore simply C data structure which are interpreted by the PHP Virtual Machine (Zend Engine).
Now you can imagine, generating the OPcode can be a drain on the server and quite useless if the code does not change often. This is where the OPcode caching system comes into play; but before we go on, let’s see some OPcode example using the Vulcan Logic Disassembler.
First, we create a file test.php in which we will execute a unix ls -l command
test.php – <? system(“ls -l”); ?>
wrk01:/var/www# php -d vld.active=1 test.php
Branch analysis from position: 0
Return found
filename: /var/www/test.php
function name: (null)
number of ops: 4
compiled vars: none
line # op fetch ext return operands
——————————————————————————-
2 0 SEND_VAL ‘ls+-l’
1 DO_FCALL 1 ’system’
4 2 RETURN 1
3* ZEND_HANDLE_EXCEPTION
Now let’s try a simple ( echo “hello world!” ) Read the rest of this entry »
Cisco IOS – getting out of trouble
Oct 20th
As simple as this tip is, you will be amazed on how often it is overlooked during remote night maintenance work. I have therefore decided for that reason to post it here.
So, you are sitting at home, editing an IOS configuration of X router during a maintenance window. Your only available remote login is through the wan interface. A bad access list and you can be locked out of the router till you physically go to the office to undo the changes.
It is late and you don’t fancy driving!
Here is a small tip which could save you the hassle
Prior to editing
edge1#reload in 10
Reload scheduled in 10 minutes
Proceed with reload? [confirm]y
Now as you guessed, you just issued the router to reboot in 10 minutes
Now start editing…
When done, if all is good and all is working as expected, you can then proceed to cancel the scheduled reboot
edge1#reload cancel
The scheduled reboot is now cleared… if you happened to lock yourself out of the router, within the 10mn lapse time from the moment you issued the reload command, the router would reboot with the startup-config and give you access back to your router (assuming of course you didn’t save your running-config changes).
I hope that was informative!
MPLS made easy – part 1
Oct 18th
MPLS – Multiprotocol Label Switching
The only purpose of this post is to demystify MPLS and hopefully give you a solid ground on which to build more knowledge on MPLS.
So what is MPLS?
Simply said, MPLS is just a forwarding/routing mechanism as opposed to traditional IP routing (static route/BGP/OSPF/RIP etc…) which enables faster IP processing/forwarding by integrating layer 2 information with layer 3 routing…
Having said that, we ought to remember than in traditional IP routing, whenever a router receives a packet, the packet is analyzed (DST field) against its forwarding table to determine the next hop. With MPLS, the packets no longer needs to be examined by the router as they are simply routed by looking at the packet tag and forwarded on a pre-configured Label Switch Path (LPS)
Before we go on, let’s define some terminology Read the rest of this entry »
PPP – the unnumbered IP command
Oct 17th
I am not going to go over in details on the hoods of PPP (another post will be written for this purpose).
A deep understanding of Point-to-Point WAN networks isn’t required as we will barely scratch that surface when dealing with the “unnumbered IP command”.
So what is the unnumbered IP command?
The unnumbered IP command enables you to enable IP routing/processing on an interface by assigning it an IP already in used of another interface. That is to say, the unnumbered IP command enables you to have 2 interfaces, a multi-access interface and a point to point interface (often a serial port) to share the same IP address.
–> Now why would you do that? Simple, to save IPs and Read the rest of this entry »